“If we want students to develop the capacity to think, reason, and problem solve then we need to start with high-level, cognitively complex tasks.”
Stein & Lane 1996
- Communication
- Collaboration
- Responsible Citizenship
- Problem Solving
- Information Literacy
- Creativity & Innovation
” Lower-order thinking (LOT) is often characterized by the recall of information or the application of concepts or knowledge to familiar situations and contexts.”
Resnick (1987)
LOT tasks requires a student “… to recall a fact, perform a simple operation, or solve a familiar type of problem. It DOES NOT require the student to work outside the familiar”
Schmalz (1973)
Apakah HOTs dalam Sains?
“characterized higher-order thinking (HOT) as “non-algorithmic.”
Resnick (1987)
“the use of complex, non-algorithmic thinking to solve a task in which there is NOT a predictable, well-rehearsed approach or pathway explicitly suggested by the task, task instruction, or a worked out example.”
Stein and Lane (1996)
“characterized HOT as solving tasks where no algorithm has been taught, where justification or explanation are required, and where more than one solution may be possible.”
Senk, et al (1997)
“HOT involves solving tasks where an algorithm has not been taught or using known algorithms while working in unfamiliar contexts or situations.”
Thompson (2008)
